Two glycoproteins coordinate the infection of host cells, an attachment protein g. Because nipah virus encephalitis can be transmitted persontoperson, standard infection control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospitalacquired infections nosocomial transmission. The primary treatment for human cases is intensive supportive care. Aug 23, 2018 please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Case report 1 this 23 years old male was first admitted to university malaya medical centre on 27th february 1999. Nipah virus niv is a zoonotic virus it is transmitted from animals to humans and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people. This virus was subsequently named as nipah virus, after the sungei nipah village in negeri sembilan, where the virus was first isolated. Dec 05, 2018 as per the world health organisation who, nipah virus is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes a severe disease in both animals and humans. Nipah virus infection is a viral infection caused by the nipah virus. Nipah virus encephalitis definition of nipah virus. It was months later that the ministry of health finally accepted that it was a not japanese encephalitis virus but a newly described virus, subsequently named nipah virus, that this virus was. Overview of nipah virus infection merck veterinary manual. In one study, lesions on mri were seen in 100% of cases of nipah virus encephalitis 1. Niv was initially isolated and identified in 1999 during an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness among pig farmers and people with close contact with pigs in malaysia and singapore.
Therapeutic treatment of nipah virus infection in nonhuman. The main necropsy finding in patients with nipah virus encephalitis was disseminated microinfarction. The disease is thought to spread from pteropus bats to pigs and then to humans following close contact. Jun 25, 2014 hendra virus hev and nipah virus niv are members of the genus henipavirus family paramyxoviridae that can cause severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in horses, pigs, and humans 1, 2. Illnesses caused by nipah virus were first described in 19981999, during widespread outbreaks among pigs and people in malaysia. The name nipah comes from a malaysian village, where the first outbreak was reported in 19981999 1,2. On may 20, though, two persons under treatment passed away.
How it spreads, symptoms and treatment of the infection the nipah virus niv has claimed 16 lives, including a nurse who left a heartbreaking note to her family, in kerala. Scientists believe that the nipah virus spreads to humans from animals bat and pigs through infected environmental contaminants such as infected fruits or raw date palm sap tapped directly from trees. The reported mortality rate in this outbreak was 40%. Incubation period of nipah has been reported to be 5 days to 2 weeks, henipavirus infection in fruit bats seems to be asymptomatic. Phosphorotein of nipah virus has an additional role in immunosuppression. Nipah virus was initially discovered when it caused an outbreak of viral encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia. Nipah and hendra viruses are two new zoonotic viruses that have emerged during the past decade murray et al. Niv is also capable of causing disease in pigs and other domestic animals. May 21, 2018 on may 20, though, two persons under treatment passed away. Hev emerged in australia in 1994 and has been associated with at least 40 outbreaks in horses and seven human infections with four fatalities. Encephalitis,nipah virus transmission,nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. Nipah virus niv is an emerging and priority pathogen from the paramyxoviridae family with a high fatality rate.
In cases of nipah virus encephalitis, ct is usually unremarkable 3. Nipah virus was first discovered in 1999 after an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory disease outbreak in malaysian pig farmers. Since then, it has surfaced in west bengal in india and in bangladesh. Background between september 1998 and june 1999, there was an outbreak of severe viral encephalitis due to nipah virus, a newly discovered paramyxovirus, in malaysia. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae and one of two virus species in the genus henipavirus the other being hendra virus. It was linked to severe encephalitis among people occupationally exposed to infected pigs in malaysia and singapore. The former is caused by the transport of neurovirulent strains of west nile virus into the western hemisphere, while the latter has resulted from the penetration of a newly recognised paramyxovirus across a species barrier from bat to pig,6 and represents the first large scale epizoonotic. Nipah virus is a highly contagious disease that is spread by fruit bats. As per the world health organisation who, nipah virus is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes a severe disease in both animals and humans. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus. Nipah virus is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes deadly encephalitis and respiratory infections in humans.
The outbreak of nipah virus niv disease in malaysia involved more than 250 cases of febrile encephalitis in farm and abattoir workers. Nipah virus niv infection is a new emerging zoonotic disease transmissible from animals to humans affecting both animals pigs and other domestic animals and humans. Nipah virus infection is an emerging disease endemic in southeast asia. Since 2001, almost yearly outbreak of nipah encephalitis has been reported from bangladesh and west bengal, india. Since then, there have been several outbreaks of acute nipah encephalitis in various districts in bangladesh, in the neighboring district of. The virus is named after the location where it was first detected in malaysia. The means of transmission was thought to be from batstopigs and subsequently pigstohuman. Here are some common signs and symptoms of niv infection. Hendra virus hev and nipah virus niv are members of the genus henipavirus family paramyxoviridae that can cause severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in horses, pigs, and humans 1, 2. The virus was named after a village in malaysia, where the infected patient lived.
The nipah virus is named after a malaysian village pdf where it was first detected in 1998. Nipah virus prevention is reducing the impact of deforestation is an important measure. Nipah virus symptoms, causes, prevention and treatment. In 1994, hendra virus similar to nipah was detected among horses in australia. Symptoms are a headache, disorientation, fever, confusion, drowsiness. The outbreak control measures, put into place to control the spread of japanese encephalitis virus, were ineffective. The mri changes showed widespread cortical, subcortical, and deep white matter involvement, similar to those described in a previous hendra virus encephalitis case 3 and nipah virus encephalitis cases 10,11. It was months later that the ministry of health finally accepted that it was a not japanese encephalitis virus but a newly described virus. Nipah virus is zoonotic and causes severe disease in swine and humans. Hendra and nipah viruses are both members of the paramyxoviridae family and cause respiratory and nervous system disease. Nipah virus is a virus transmitted to humans by animals. Treatment is limited to supportive care although some physicians suggest the drug, ribavirin, may be useful.
Treatment is limited to supportive care because nipah virus encephalitis can be transmitted persontoperson. A treatment for and vaccine against the deadly hendra and. The virus is detectable in the csf through viral culture and nucleic acid amplification. Treatment of acute nipah encephalitis with ribavirin chong. May 30, 2018 nipah virus rna has been detected in semen from an individual who received treatment for nipah virus infection, with rna detected at day 26 following onset of illness but not at days 42 or 59. A fresh case has been tested positive to the infection, and many have been quarantined. Nile virus encephalitis and nipah virus encephalitis. Like ebola and zika viruses, niv too is threatening the integrity of the mankind. Nipah virus was first identified during an outbreak that took place in malaysia in 1998. Illnesses caused by nipah virus were first described in 19981999, during widespread outbreaks among pigs.
Clinical features of nipah virus encephalitis among pig. We use cookies to make interactions with our website easy and meaningful, to better understand the use of our services, and to tailor advertising. The outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis in malaysia, a developing country, has taught us many valuable lessons. Recently, the littleknown virus has claimed at least 11 lives in kozhikode and malappuram districts in kerala following the outbreak of the niv infection in the state. A monoclonal antibody targeting the viral g glycoprotein has been beneficial in a ferret model of the disease.
Scientists believe that the nipah virus spreads to humans from animals bat and pigs through infected environmental contaminants such as infected fruits or. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Keywords nipah virus disease niv, hev, nipah, nipah virus, transmission, signs, symptoms, risk of exposure, exposure, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, references, resources. National guideline for management, prevention and control. May 24, 2018 the nipah virus niv is one of the deadliest viruses outhere. Division of disease control what do i need to know. Hendra virus igm and igg elisa tests can also detect nipah 2. Nipah virus infection spreads from infected person to another.
Nipah virus niv is one of the emerging highly pathogenic virus. Nipah virus was first discovered in 1999, after a severe outbreak of viral encephalitis among pig farm workers in malaysia. Nipah virus encephalitis radiology reference article. Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus it is transmitted from animals to humans and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people. Encephalitis brain inflammation, nerve disorders, and respiratory problems are the major symptoms of nipah virus infection. In neighboring singapore, an outbreak occurred among pig slaughterhouse workers. Fruit bats of the pteropodidae family, pteropus genus are the natural host for the virus. Standard infection control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospitalacquired infections nosocomial transmission.
It causes various diseases such as respiratory ailments and encephalitis and poses. Pada pertengahan 1999, lebih dari 265 kasus manusia terkena ensefalitis, termasuk 105 kematian, dilaporkan di malaysia, dan 11 kasus baik penyakit ensefalitis atau penyakit pernapasan dengan satu kematian dilaporkan di singapura. Nipah virus disease is a relatively newly discovered disease of swine and people associated with infection with a novel paramyxovirus named nipah virus. So nipah and hendra virus together constitute the genus henipah virus 5. The virus was identified in 1999 after causing disease in animals and in humans. The family paramyxoviruses has been traditionally associated with a group of viruses with narrow host range and typically causes outbreaks with low mortality rates. Nipah virus niv is a rare but dreaded pathogen causing infections with alarmingly high mortality rates of 40%e75% 1,2. Relapsed and lateonset nipah encephalitis, a report of. Niv was first identified in malaysia in 1998, during an outbreak of disease that occurred. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment. Flying fox family pteropodidae and particularly species of genus pteropus are the natural host for nipah virus. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms, treatment,prevention the virus has claimed around 10 lives in the southern state over the past two weeks.
Complications can include inflammation of the brain and seizures following recovery. An epidemic of suspected japanese encephalitis occurred in malaysia in 19981999 among pig farmers. The virus claimed its first known victims in late 1990s in malaysia and singapore. Virus nipah pertama kali muncul di malaysia pada tahun 1998 di semenanjung malaysia pada babi dan peternak babi. Hendra virus close relative, nipah virus, emerged in peninsular malaysia in 199899, in a large outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs along with numerous cases of encephalitis among pig farmers, eventually resulting in more than 100 human fatalities. Symptoms from infection vary from none to fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and confusion. Niv was initially isolated and identified in 1999 niv was initially isolated and identified in 1999 during an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness among pig farmers and people with close contact with pigs in malaysia. Nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in malaysia clinical. In infected people, it causes a range of illnesses from asymptomatic subclinical infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to acute respiratory syndrome with fatal encephalitis. Large fruit bats of pteropus genus are the natural reservoir of niv. In india, during 2001 and 2007 two outbreaks in human were reported from west bengal, neighboring bangladesh. The initial supposition that je virus was the cause of disease was incorrect, and much time and effort were wasted in control of vectors associated with and vaccination against je virus.
It was subsequently established that the causative agent in the outbreak was not the japanese encephalitis virus but a previously unknown hendralike paramyxovirus named nipah. The primary treatment for humans is supportive care, says who. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment,prevention the virus has claimed around 10 lives in the southern state over the past two weeks. Nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. This virus is carried subclinically in fruit bats of the genus pteropus, a host to which it seems well adapted. Nipah virus, a newly identified paramyxovirus caused a severe outbreak of encephalitis in malaysia with high fatalities. It is transmitted from animals to human and fruit bat is the main host. The natural host of the virus are fruit bats of the pteropodidae family, pteropus genus. The mri changes showed widespread cortical, subcortical, and deep white matter involvement, similar to those described in a previous hendra virus encephalitis. National guideline for management prevention and control of nipah pdf, 2. Both are members of the paramyxoviridae family, and they share similar antigenic, serologic, as well as ultrastructural characteristics.
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